Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development Explained

Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development Explained Theories Developmental Psychology Print The Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 25, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 02, 2019 Stages of Cognitive Development Piaget's Theory Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Support and Criticism In This Article Table of Contents Expand Understanding Logic Understanding Reversibility Other Key Characteristics Observations View All The concrete operational stage is the third  stage in  Piagets theory of cognitive development. This period spans the time of middle childhoodâ€"it begins around age 7 and continues until approximately age 11â€"and is characterized by the development of logical thought. Thinking still tends to be very concrete, children become much more logical and sophisticated in their thinking during this stage of development. While this is an important stage in and of itself, it also serves as an important transition between earlier stages of development and the coming stage where kids will learn how to think more abstractly and hypothetically. Kids at this age become more logical about concrete and specific things, but they still struggle with abstract ideas. Understanding Logic Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were fairly good at the use of inductive logic (inductive reasoning). Inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle. An example of inductive logic would be noticing that every time you are around a cat, you have itchy eyes, a runny nose, and a swollen throat. You might then reason from that experience that you are allergic to cats. Illustration by Cindy Chung, Verywell On the other hand, children at this age have difficulty using deductive logic, which involves using a general principle to determine the outcome of a specific event. For example, a child might learn that AB, and BC, but might still struggle to understand that AC. Understanding Reversibility One of the most important developments in this stage is an understanding of reversibility or awareness that actions can be reversed. An example of this is being able to reverse the order of relationships between mental categories. An example of reversibility is that a child might be able to recognize that his or her dog is a Labrador, that a Labrador is a dog, and that a dog is an animal. Other Key Characteristics Another key development at this stage is the understanding that when something changes in shape or appearance it is still the same, a concept known as conservation. Kids at this stage understand that if you break a candy bar up into smaller pieces it is still the same amount at when the candy was whole. This is a contrast to younger children who often believe that pouring the same amount of liquid into two cups means that there is more.   For example, imagine that you have two candy bars of the exact same size. You break one candy bar up into two equally sized pieces and the other candy bar up into four smaller but equally sized sections. A child who is in the concrete operational stage will understand that both candy bars are still the same amount, whereas a younger child will believe that the candy bar that has more pieces is larger than the one with only two pieces. Kids Become Less Egocentric The concrete operational stage is also marked by decreases in egocentrism. While children in the preceding stage of development (the preoperational stage) struggle to take the perspective of others, kids in the concrete stage are able to think about things the way that others see them. In Piagets Three-Mountain Task, for example, children in the concrete operational stage can describe how a mountain scene would look to an observer seated opposite them.?? In other words, kids are not only able to start thinking about how other people view and experience the world, they even start to use this type of information when making decisions or solving problems.   Observations One of the key characteristics of the concrete-operational stage is the ability to focus on many parts of a problem. While kids in the preoperational stage of development tend to focus on just one aspect of a situation or problem, those in the concrete operational stage are able to engage in what is known as decentration. They are able to concentrate on many aspects of a situation at the same time, which plays a critical role in the understanding of conservation. This stage of cognitive development also serves as an important transition between the preoperational and formal operational stages. Reversibility is an important step toward more advanced thinking, although at this stage it only applies to concrete situations. While kids at earlier stages of development are egocentric, those in the concrete operational stage become more sociocentric. In other words, they are able to understand that other people have their own thoughts. Kids at this point are aware that other people have unique perspectives, but they might not yet be able to guess exactly how or what that other person is experiencing. This growing ability to mentally manipulate information and think about the thoughts of others will play a critical role in the formal operational stage of development, when logic and abstract thought become critical. Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development

Executive Summary Example - 836 Words

| | | | | | | | | | Good and poor examples of executive summariesThis is a GOOD example from an Accounting Finance assignment. Footnote Executive Summary This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current and prospective profitability, liquidity and financial stability of Outdoor Equipment Ltd. Methods of analysis include trend, horizontal and vertical analyses as well as ratios such as Debt, Current and Quick ratios. Other calculations include rates of return on Shareholders Equity and Total Assets and earnings per share to name a few. All calculations can be found in the appendices. Results of data analysed show that all ratios are below industry averages. In particular, comparative performance is†¦show more content†¦These claimed to offer the consumers a healthy alternative. These factors appear to be the major causes of the decreased sales volume of Choice Chocolate. Slim Choice is the latest chocolate range put forward by the R D Department of Choice Chocolate. 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10 Examples of Electrical Conductors and Insulators

Do you know how electrical conductors and insulators work? In case you dont, lets review just what conductors and insulators are. Conductors vs. Insulators Simply put, electrical conductors are materials that conduct electricity, while insulators do not. How does that work? Whether a substance conducts electricity depends on how easily electrons can move through it. For example, protons dont move because, while they would carry an electrical charge, they are bound to other protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei. Valence electrons are like outer planets orbiting a star. Theyre attracted enough to stay in position, but it doesnt always take a lot of energy to knock them out of place. Metals readily lose and gain electrons, so they top the list of conductors. Organic molecules are mostly insulators, in part because theyre held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds and also because hydrogen bonding helps stabilize many molecules. Most materials are neither good conductors nor good insulators. They dont readily conduct, but if enough energy is supplied, the electrons will move. Some materials in pure form are insulators but will conduct if they are doped with small quantities of another element or if they contain impurities. For example, most ceramics are excellent insulators, but if you dope them, you can create a superconductor. Pure water is an insulator, while dirty water conducts weakly and saltwater—with its free-floating ions—conducts well. 10 Electrical Conductors The best electrical conductor, under conditions of ordinary temperature and pressure, is the metallic element silver. Its not always an ideal choice as a material, however, due to its cost and because it tarnishes. The oxide layer known as tarnish is not conductive. Similarly, rust, verdigris, and other oxide layers reduce conductivity. The following are examples of effective electrical conductors: SilverGoldCopperAluminumMercurySteelIronSeawaterConcreteMercury More conductors: PlatinumBrassBronzeGraphiteDirty waterLemon juice 10 Electrical Insulators RubberGlassPure waterOilAirDiamondDry woodDry cottonPlasticAsphalt More insulators: FiberglassDry paperPorcelainCeramicsQuartz Other Factors That Influence Conductivity Its worth noting the shape and size of a material affect its conductivity. For example, a thick piece of matter will conduct better than a thin piece of the same size and length. If you take two pieces of a material of the same thickness, but one is shorter than the other, the shorter one will conduct better. This is because the shorter piece has less resistance, in much the same way that its easier to force water through a short pipe than a long one. Temperature also affects conductivity. As temperature increases, atoms and their electrons gain energy. Some insulators (e.g., glass) are poor conductors when cool, yet good conductors when hot. Most metals are better conductors when cool and less efficient conductors when hot. Some good conductors become superconductors at extremely low temperatures. Although electrons flow through a conductive material, they dont damage the atoms or cause wear, as would the friction of water in a canyon, for example. Moving electrons do experience resistance or cause friction, however. The flow of electrical current can lead to the heating of a conductive material.

The American Dream in The Great Gatsby Free Essays

The theme of the decline of the American Dream played a central role in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The book takes place over a few months in the 1920’s. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Dream in The Great Gatsby or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this time, the American economy was experiencing a period of tremendous growth and people were spending extravagantly. It was also a time after Prohibition in America and this led to the rise of many underground drinking establishments and other sins in society. The Dream is â€Å"always vaguely present but never clearly defined† which is the mythical ingredient that defines the American Dream as a motivating force of American civilization and therefore of literature as well (Carpenter 5). Fitzgerald used the romance between Jade Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan as a social criticism of the pursuit of wealth and extravagance in American society at the time. Corruption is a common theme in the novel. American Dream to F. Scott Fitzgerald is full of materialism, and unfortunately the greedy of human nature, people constantly asking for more than what they already have. The Great Gatsby as one of the most influential novels that he has written was used as a mirror to reflect the social criticism, and his own interpretation of American Dream. In the book, Fitzgerald criticized American society. The novel embodies many themes, however, the most significant one is the relation of corruption to the American Dream. The manner in which he characterized Daisy Buchanan, Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby is important in terms of giving an understanding of the American Dream that is over exaggerated and full of materialism. â€Å"Her voice is full of money†(Fitzgerald 120) By marrying the wealthy Tom Buchanan, Daisy has reached the â€Å"fullest stature† and is â€Å"better and fuller† in the eyes of Gatsby. Daisy comes from a family of status and was born under â€Å"fortuitous circumstances of birth and position† (Adams 404). In The American Paradox: Spiritual Hunger in an Age of Plenty, David Myers talks about the â€Å"human capacity for adoption† (Myers 135), which he explained the accumulation of materialism does not necessarily lead to an increase in the level of happiness. As she said to Gatsby, â€Å"And I hope she’ll be a fool – that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.†(Fitzgerald 116) From her perspective, she thinks what is best for her child is that living a life like her, eats comfort and prosperity, but without happiness. Furthermore, when Nick found out that â€Å"they were conspiring together.† (Fitzgerald 409), she made her choice at that moment between Tom and Gatsby, in other words, she made a choice of living a life as a part of Old Money’s member. Deep down in her heart, she despises the lower class people, even the ones who are so-called new money. â€Å"But the rest offended her—and inarguably, because it wasn’t a gesture but an emotion. She was appalled by West Egg, this unprecedented â€Å"place.† (Fitzgerald 113) As what Nick told Gatsby, Daisy never enjoyed the party that Gatsby has thrown for her, in fact, the difference between their classes is like a wall that stands in front of them which could never been put down. She was appalled by its raw vigor, however, in regard to the concept of the American Dream, there should never be class discriminations in the American Dream, but in the ruthless reality, class discrimination always exists. The upper class, especially the members who inherited great wealth from family are targeted as an opposition to the American Dream itself, and Daisy’s incredible capability to float out of any situation is one of the examples that Fitzgerald used to criticize American society. Moreover, the function of Tom’s character in The Great Gatsby, in terms of social criticism related to the American Dream, is that of a contradictory force to Gatsby’s hard earned money, who inherited all the money from his wealthy family. As Alberto Lena who states in the analysis of Tom’s decadence: â€Å"Money earned without labor was an invitation to corruption [†¦] and it was assumed that hereditary wealth had caused the decline of Europe† (Lena 22). Supposing that America is a land that offers the possibility of escaping the dark cloud of European aristocracy and social class but failed its compromise, Tom’s wealth that was inherited from his family brought the negative connotations to the old money family, and the role of money can hardly escape any reader. When Gatsby finally confronted with Tom, Tom’s reaction falls under a common theme in the novel, which is the corruption of the American Dream. â€Å"Certainly not for a common swindler who’d have to step the ring he put on her finger.† (Fitzgerald 275) He refers to Daisy as one of the properties he owns, and as long as the size of the ring is big enough, she will always be happy. Nothing could not be accomplished with money, that is what he believes, and that is his concept of American Dream. Although he does not have a job, and all he does is drinking every day and night, he has connections in the bond business and Wall Street. As Thorstein Veblen, a noted economist suggested, there are two classes which are the leisure class and the immediate productive class, in other words, the wealthy part of the population, of which Tom is a member, are not in direct contact with any trades that support their family expenses. In contrast to self-made men like Gatsby, Tom’s money comes easily without hard work and it emphasizes on the gap between the leisure class and immediate work process. In contrast to Tom and Daisy who are born rich, the pursuit of the American Dream is extremely hard for people like Gatsby, and it leads him down the wrong path which ends tragically. Giles Gunn, calls â€Å"Gatsby’s sense of wonder and idealism a tragedy†(Gunn, 175), referring that his extravagant dreams about love are in the end what kills him. When Gatsby first met Daisy, he was nobody, however, with luck and hard-work, he is halfway to the final goal. Asking Daisy to tell Tom that she never loved him is the ultimate goal in order to prove he is worthy. In his mind, money is the only thing that could win Daisy back. â€Å"Can’t repeat the past?† he cried incredulously. â€Å"Why of course you can!†(Fitzgerald 21) The ambition for winning Daisy back has thrown Gatsby over the edge. Gatsby loves Daisy, nevertheless, materialism lured him down the wrong path. Robert L. Carringer who is a professor of film and English at the University of Illinois, discussed the notion of Americanness in literature and according to his findings one of the components of a true American attitude is an â€Å"indomitable idealism† (Carringer 307), and Gatsby presented this characteristic without any doubt. The very idea of the American Dream can be translated into the meaning of anything can be possible, and Fitzgerald allowed Gatsby’s dream to become so overwhelming in order to criticize the idealism of the American Dream. Gatsby’s extravagant dreams and illusions about love are the matters that killed him in the end, and unfortunately, he couldn’t separate his spiritual ideals from the material conditions in which he believes that money is the power of God. Additionally, the nature of Gatsby’s rise to his wealth is also an allusion to the American Dream in the sense of its hypocrisy- the pursuit of happiness has been distorted by the corruption of the American Dream, and materialism. The attitude and values that Gatsby holds towards the society that destroyed him, his situation is applicable to society as a whole and reflects the social criticism of an accumulation of materialism. In addition, the vivid characters under Fitzgerald’s pen expressed his idea of social criticism, which those who have wealth, seek more and those who aren’t wealthy have been distorted by the concept of money. The contempt and endless desire for money have distorted the original meaning of the American Dream, and The Great Gatsby acts out the truth that what was once the pure dream has become the race to become wealthy in every possible way. Through the portrayal of Daisy, Tom, and Gatsby, the interpretation of distorted pursuit of American Dream represented the corruption of people in 1920s, and how the Dream was dominated by a glittering, golden surface with greed as well as deception underneath. How to cite The American Dream in The Great Gatsby, Papers

Pocahontas Essays (511 words) - American Folklore,

Pocahontas Pocahontas Who really was Pocahontas? Was she like the Indian girl in the Disney movie, who saved her reservation? Yes and no. She was an Indian of the Algonquian Indians. Her father was Powhatan, the chief. Her original name, however was in fact, Matoaka. But Pocahontas mean "playful, frolicsome little girl" and so they nicknamed her that. The meeting and capturing of her acquaintance, and possible first love, John Smith, was in fact true. But, the saving of him may be as made up and make believe as the movie. Many people speculate the authenticity of the "execution and salvation" story, told by Smith. Supposedly, Smith's Englishmen team landed in Jamestown, 12 miles from the Indian reservation. John Smith was captured and forced to stretch on two flat stones, then out of nowhere, and little Indian girl cam up and put herself on his body as to say, "Kill me instead". Weather this is true or not, it doesn't change the rest of her story. After the "saved' him, Smith and the Indians became friendly for the following year. Smith stayed in Jamestown, and Pocahontas visited him frequently. She carried messages from her father, and other Indians carried food, fur, and then traded hatchets and trinkets. After a while, Smith's relationship with the Powhatas worsened. Pocahontas's visits started to lessen, and in 1806, Smith was injured, and had to go back to England. Pocahontas went on with her life though, she married an Indian "Pryvate Captyne" named Kocoum in 1610. Although in 1614, she fell in love with an Englishman, John Rolfe. They married and she got baptized. They went to London with a man named Sir Thomas Dale, and a dozen other Indians. She was presented to King James I, and all of the royal family. John Smith, the man who she had not seen in eight years, was also in London at the time. They met, and talked about the past, but at first she couldn't speak, she was overcome with emotion. This was their last meeting. After 6 months, Ralf and his family wanted to go back to Virginia, but unfortunately, Pocahontas didn't make it. She was ill from pneumonia. Pocahontas affected society, she was a compassionate girl, and saw to it that the colonists got food. She was also known to have saved lives of certain colonists. John Smith wrote that Pocohontas was " the instrument to pursurve this colony from death, famine and utter confusion." I would consider her to be a hero to the lives she saved, and a role model for someone who helps out someone without asking for anything back. She doesn't really affect us today, unless you know about her, and when you do, your outlook and accomplishments with life seems so little compared to her great achievements. I have learned a lot from reading about her, and her life. I have learned that she was a REAL person, and not some little Indian girl in love with a strong, Englishman, like the movie. She is said to be an enthusiastic young girl, a lot like me, and she is respected for that. I respect her for her compassion and heart, and I think everyone should, because behind that love story, there is a honest, innocent, loving woman.

15 Quirky Questions (and Answers) About the English Language

15 Quirky Questions (and Answers) About the English Language Do you consider yourself an expert in the  English language? Wondering how much you still need to learn? Take a few minutes to test your knowledge of English. Answers are below. Quiz Roughly what proportion of the worlds population is fluent or competent in English?(a) one person in a thousand(b) one in a hundred(c) one in ten(d) one in fourWhich country contains the largest English-speaking population in the world?(a) England(b) the United States(c) China(d) India(e) AustraliaIn approximately how many countries does the English language have official or special status?(a) 10(b) 15(c) 35(d) 50(e) 75Which of the following is probably the most widely used English word throughout the world?(a) dollar(b) okay(c) Internet(d) sex(e) movieAccording to rhetorician I.A. Richards, a proponent of the simplified language known as Basic English, Even with so small a word list and so simple a structure it is possible to say in Basic English anything needed for the general purpose of everyday existence. How many words are in the lexicon of Basic English?(a) 450(b) 850(c) 1,450(d) 2,450(e) 4,550The English language is conventionally divided into three historical periods. In whic h of these periods did William Shakespeare write his plays?(a) Old English(b) Middle English(c) Modern English Which of the following is the longest word that appears in a play by William Shakespeare?(a) honorificabilitudinitatibus(b) sesquipedalian(c) antidisestablishmentarianism(d) disproportionableness(e) incomprehensiblenessAn acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name. An eponym is a word derived from the proper name of a person or place. What term is used for a word thats derived from the same root as another word?(a) retronym(b) oronym(c) paronym(d) exonymWhich one of the following words is an example of an isogram?(a) destruction(b) racecar(c) sesquipedalian(d) buffet(e) palindromeWhich one of the following observations applies to the word typewriter?(a) Its the longest word that is typed with only the left hand.(b) Its a palindrome.(c) It appeared in Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language- several decades before the invention of the first typing machine.(d) Its the only word in English that doesnt rhyme with any other word.(e) It can be typed using only t he top row of keys on a standard keyboard. Which of the following is generally regarded as the first genuine dictionary in English?(a) The Elementarie, by Richard Mulcaster(b) A Table Alphabeticall, by Robert Cawdrey(c) Glossographia, by Thomas Blount(d) Dictionary of the English Language, by Samuel Johnson(e) An American Dictionary of the English Language, by Noah WebsterWhich of the following was Noah Websters best-selling book or pamphlet?(a) A Grammatical Institute of the English Language (popularly known as the Blue-Backed Speller)(b) Compendious Dictionary of the English Language(c) a booklet on global warming titled Are Our Winters Getting Warmer?(d) An American Dictionary of the English Language(e) a revision of the King James BibleThe sentence Natasha is a friend of Joans and a client of Marlowes contains two examples of which grammatical structure?(a) double comparative(b) double entendre(c) double genitive(d) double negativee) double superlativeWhat was novelist David Foster Wallaces name for a really extreme usage fanatic- someone who knows what dysphemism means and doesnt mind letting you know it?(a) grammaticaster(b) purist(c) SNOOT(d) language maven(e) prescriptivist Which of the following terms refers to the substitution of a more offensive word or phrase for one considered less offensive?(a) dysphemism(b) euphemism(c) dramatism(d) orthophemism(e) neologism Answers (d) According to David Crystal in  English as a Global Language  (2003), [A]bout a quarter of the worlds population is already fluent or competent in English, and this figure is steadily growing- in the early 2000s that  means  around 1.5 billion people.(d) English is spoken by upwards of 350 million people in urban areas of India.(e) The director of editorial projects for the  Oxford English Dictionary, Penny Silva, says that English has official or special status in at least 75 countries (with a combined population of two billion people).(b) According to linguist Tom McArthur in  The Oxford Guide to World English, The form  OK  or  okay  is probably the most intensively and widely used (and borrowed) word in the history of the language.(b) The list of 850 core words introduced in C.K. Ogdens book  Basic English: A General Introduction With Rules and Grammar  (1930) is still used today by some teachers of English as a Second Language.(c) The period of Modern English extends from the 1500s to the present day. Shakespeare wrote his plays between 1590 and 1613. (a)  Honorificabilitudinitatibus  (27 letters) shows up in a speech by Costard in Shakespeares comedy  Loves Labours Lost: O, they have  livd  long on the  almsbasket  of words. I marvel thy master hath not eaten thee for a word, for thou art not so long by the head as honorificabilitudinitatibus. Thou art easier swallowed than a flap-dragon.(c) A word derived from the same root as another word is a  paronym  (similar to the rhetorical figure of  polyptoton).(e) The word  palindrome  (which refers to a word, phrase, or sentence that reads the same backward or forward) is an  isogram- that is, a word in which no letters are repeated.(e) It can be typed using only the top row of keys on a standard keyboard.(b) Published in 1604, Robert Cawdreys  A Table Alphabeticall  contained roughly 2,500 words, each matched with a synonym or brief definition.(a) Originally published in 1783, Websters Blue-Backed Speller went on to sell nearly 100 million copies over th e next century.(c) Both a friend of Joans and a client of Marlowes are double genitives. (c) In his review article Authority and American Usage, Wallace wrote, There are lots of  epithets  for people like this- Grammar Nazis, Usage Nerds, Syntax Snobs, the Grammar Battalion, the Language Police. The term I was raised with is SNOOT.(a) See:  How to Flatter an Audience With Euphemisms, Dysphemisms, and  Distinction

Comma After i.e. and e.g.

Comma After i.e. and e.g. Comma After i.e. and e.g. Comma After i.e. and e.g. By Maeve Maddox A reader wants to know if the abbreviations i.e. and e.g. should be followed by a comma. i.e.: from the Latin phrase id est, â€Å"that is.† Used in English to restate a previous word or expression: â€Å"He really enjoys a good bildungsroman, i.e., coming-of-age novel.† e.g.: from the Latin phrase exempli gratia, â€Å"for the sake of the example.† In English, it means â€Å"for example† and is used to introduce one or more examples: â€Å"I like animals, e.g. dogs, cats, and horses.† The two terms are frequently mixed up. If you have trouble remembering which means â€Å"in other words† and which means â€Å"for example,† you can use a mnemonic to keep them apart, or you can avoid using them altogether. A simple mnemonic that helps many writers is the fact that the word example begins with the letter e. E.g., therefore, is the one that means â€Å"for example.† On the other hand, instead of e.g., you can write â€Å"for example,† and for i.e., you can write â€Å"namely† or â€Å"in other words.† Style guides do not agree on whether or not a comma should follow both these abbreviations. They do all agree that a comma precedes i.e. when the i.e. phrase occurs in a running text (i.e., not enclosed in parenthesis). The consensus seems to be in favor of the comma in American usage; against it in British usage. The Penguin Writer’s Manual (British) shows both i.e. and e.g. without a following comma. Fowler, in his venerable Modern English Usage, opines that â€Å"whether a comma follows [e.g.] or not is indifferent, or rather is decided by the punctuation-pitch of the writer of the passage. He says nothing of i.e. The Chicago Manual of Style states that i.e. and e.g. should be â€Å"confined to parentheses and notes and followed by a comma.† The AP Stylebook, whose â€Å"punctuation-pitch† leans generally to the side of â€Å"the fewer commas the better,† is pro-comma when it comes to i.e. and e.g. According to AP, both abbreviations are â€Å"always followed by a comma.† As with so many matters of punctuation, the writer’s best practice is to choose a style reference and follow its recommendations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†The Difference Between "will" and "shall"Apostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns